This has been interpreted as a form of Peirce's abductive reasoning, called innovative abduction. In the creation of new design proposals, designers have to infer possible solutions from the available problem information, their experience, and the use of non-deductive modes of thinking such as the use of analogies. Nigel Cross suggests that "Designers tend to use solution conjectures as the means of developing their understanding of the problem". In empirical studies of three-dimensional problem solving, Bryan Lawson found architects employed solution-focused cognitive strategies, distinct from the problem-focused strategies of scientists. Rather than accept the problem as given, designers explore the given problem and its context and may re-interpret or restructure the given problem in order to reach a particular framing of the problem that suggests a route to a solution. Horst Rittel introduced the term in the context of design and planning, and with Melvin Webber contrasted this problem type with well-defined or "tame" cases where the problem is clear and the solution available through applying rules or technical knowledge. Wicked problems have features such as no definitive formulation and no true/false solution. See also: Participatory design and Problem structuring methodsĭesigning typically deals with ill-defined problems which are wickedly difficult.
resolve ill-defined or 'wicked' problems.
As a process of designing Īn iterative, non-linear process, design thinking includes activities such as context analysis, user testing, problem finding and framing, ideation and solution generating, creative thinking, sketching and drawing, prototyping, and evaluating.Ĭore features of design thinking include the abilities to: The different uses have given rise to some confusion in the use of the term. The term design thinking has been used to refer to a specific cognitive style (thinking like a designer), a general theory of design (a way of understanding how designers work), and a set of pedagogical resources (through which organisations or inexperienced designers can learn to approach complex problems in a designerly way). Many of the key concepts and aspects of design thinking have been identified through studies, across different design domains, of design cognition and design activity in both laboratory and natural contexts. It has also been referred to as "designerly ways of knowing, thinking and acting" and as "designerly thinking". 3.3 Ideation: divergent and convergent thinkingĭesign thinking has a history extending from the 1950s and '60s, with roots in the study of design cognition and design methods.2.5 Co-evolution of problem and solution.
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